What is SharePoint?

SharePoint is an enterprise information portal, from Microsoft, that can be configured to run Intranet, Extranet and Internet sites.  Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 allows people, teams and expertise to connect and collaborate.  A SharePoint enterprise portal is composed of both SharePoint Portal and Windows SharePoint Services, with SharePoint being built upon WSS.  WSS is typically used by small teams, projects and companies.  SharePoint Server is designed for individuals, teams and projects within a medium to large company wide enterprise portal.

Some SharePoint facts:

• SharePoint is the fastest-growing product in the history of Microsoft
• Over 100 million licenses of SharePoint have been sold worldwide
• SharePoint has been adopted by over 17,000 companies worldwide
• SharePoint is listed, by Forrester, as the number 1 portal product
• SharePoint is positioned as a leader within the Gartner Magic Quadrant for Horizontal Portals products
• In 2008 sales of SharePoint surpassed 1 billion US dollars

Why should you use SharePoint?

• As companies grow so does the amount of their files. It soon becomes difficult to keep track of the multiplying documents and their locations.  SharePoint overcomes this by allowing you to store and share your files in a central site.

• Sharing work files through email is a cumbersome process.  SharePoint eliminates this by allowing files to be stored in one location, allowing easy access to all team members.

• Business Intelligence has traditionally remained in the hands of a few key decision makers within organizations.  For years, it has been the goal of BI providers to “democratize business intelligence” by making it available to all levels of workers throughout companies.  With the addition of PerformancePoint to the SharePoint Enterprise version of SharePoint, this vision is realized, finally taking business intelligence out of the hands of the few and into the hands of many.

• Today’s work occurs over multiple locations, whether it is in different countries, office locations, separate departments or at your home office. SharePoint enables teams and individuals to connect and collaborate together regardless of where they are located.

• Surveys have shown that employees can spend up to 20 – 30 % of their day searching for data and information.  SharePoint eliminates this drag on productivity by providing the robust search functionality needed to find the information and expertise buried in the thousands, or hundreds of thousands of files a company generates in the course of business.

• It’s difficult and time consuming to create and maintain sites.  SharePoint allows anyone to create sites for use within their company’s Intranet, as they are needed, whether they are departmental sites, document libraries, meetings sites, survey sites, or discussion boards

Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007

Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 is a collaborative enterprise portal that is built upon WSS 3.0.  MOSS 2007 allows people, teams and expertise to connect and collaborate.  Unlike WSS, SharePoint Server is not free and requires an additional license.  MOSS 2007 comes in two versions – Standard and Enterprise.

The main components of SharePoint 2007 are collaboration, portals, enterprise search, enterprise content management, business process and forms, and business intelligence.  Previous versions of SharePoint Server included SharePoint Portal Server 2003 and before that SharePoint Portal Server 2001.   To preview SharePoint’s new features visit the Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 demo.

Windows SharePoint Services 3.0

Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 is the platform on which all SharePoint Products and Technologies are built.  WSS 3.0 is for is suitable for small teams, projects and organizations.

WSS’s project collaboration, document workspace, meeting sub-site, and discussion board features allow individuals and small teams to collaborate and share information online.  Past versions of Windows SharePoint Services included Windows SharePoint Services 2.0 and SharePoint Team Services.  New features in WSS 3.0 include integrated workflows, RSS feeds, blogs, wikis and ASP-style Web parts.  To preview more of WSS 3.0’s new features visit the Microsoft Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 demo.

SharePoint Designer 2007

Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer 2007 is the next generation of Microsoft FrontPage that enables both the design and customization of SharePoint 2007 sites.  SharePoint Designer 2007 allows organizations to automate common business processes through simple or complex custom workflows.  Corporations can apply their corporate branding to their SharePoint portal providing a unified look and feel to all their end users.  Companies can also create customized SharePoint sites based upon the unique needs of your company’s end users, teams, or departments without having to turn to outside consultants.  In 2008, Microsoft made SharePoint Designer 2007 available for free.  To download your free copy of SharePoint Designer visit Microsoft at the SharePoint Designer 2007 home page.

Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 Top 10 Benefits

Provide a simple, familiar, and consistent user experience.

Office SharePoint Server 2007 is tightly integrated with familiar client desktop applications, e-mail, and Web browsers to provide a consistent user experience that simplifies how people interact with content, processes, and business data. This tight integration, coupled with robust out-of-the-box functionality, helps you employ services themselves and facilitates product adoption.

Boost employee productivity by simplifying everyday business activities.

Take advantage of out-of-the-box workflows for initiating, tracking, and reporting common business activities such as document review and approval, issue tracking, and signature collection. You can complete these activities without any coding. Tight integration with familiar client applications, e-mail, and Web browsers provide you with a simple, consistent experience. Modifying and extending these out-of-the-box workflow processes is made easy through tools like Microsoft Office SharePoint Designer 2007 (the next release of Microsoft Office FrontPage).

Help meet regulatory requirements through comprehensive control over content.

By specifying security settings, storage policies, auditing policies, and expiration actions for business records in accordance with compliance regulations, you can help ensure your sensitive business information can be controlled and managed effectively. And you can reduce litigation risk for your organization. Tight integration of Office SharePoint Server 2007 with familiar desktop applications means that policy settings are rendered onto client applications in the Microsoft Office system, making it simpler for employees to be aware of and comply with regulatory requirements.

Effectively manage and repurpose content to gain increased business value.

Business users and content authors can create and submit content for approval and scheduled deployment to intranet or Internet sites. Managing multilingual content is simplified through new document library templates that are specifically designed to maintain a relationship between the original version and different translations of a document.

Simplify organization-wide access to both structured and unstructured information across disparate systems. Give your users access to business data found in common line-of-business systems like SAP and Siebel through Office SharePoint Server 2007. Users can also create personalized views and interactions with business systems through a browser by dragging configurable back-end connections. Enterprise-wide Managed Document Repositories help your organizations store and organize business documents in one central location.

Connect people with information and expertise.

Enterprise Search in Office SharePoint Server 2007 incorporates business data along with information about documents, people, and Web pages to produce comprehensive, relevant results. Features like duplicate collapsing, spelling correction, and alerts improve the relevance of the results, so you can easily find what you need.

Accelerate shared business processes across organizational boundaries.

Without coding any custom applications, you can use smart, electronic forms–driven solutions to collect critical business information from customers, partners, and suppliers through a Web browser. Built-in data validation rules help you gather accurate and consistent data that can be directly integrated into back-end systems to avoid redundancy and errors that result from manual data re-entry.

Share business data without divulging sensitive information.

Give your employees access to real-time, interactive Microsoft Office Excel spreadsheets from a Web browser through Excel Services running on Office SharePoint Server 2007. Use these spreadsheets to maintain and efficiently share one central and up-to-date version while helping to protect any proprietary information embedded in the documents (such as financial models).

Enable people to make better-informed decisions by presenting business-critical information in one central location.

Office SharePoint Server 2007 makes it easy to create live, interactive business intelligence (BI) portals that assemble and display business-critical information from disparate sources, using integrated BI capabilities such as dashboards, Web Parts, scorecards, key performance indicators (KPIs), and business data connectivity technologies. Centralized Report Center sites give users a single place for locating the latest reports, spreadsheets, or KPIs.

Provide a single, integrated platform to manage intranet, extranet, and Internet applications across the enterprise.

Office SharePoint Server 2007 is built on an open, scalable architecture, with support for Web services and interoperability standards including XML and Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP). The server has rich, open application programming interfaces (APIs) and event handlers for lists and documents. These features provide integration with existing systems and the flexibility to incorporate new non-Microsoft IT investments.

Top 10 Benefits of Windows SharePoint Services

Improve team productivity with easy-to-use collaborative tools

Connect people with the information and resources they need. Users can create team workspaces, coordinate calendars, organize documents, and receive important notifications and updates through communication features including announcements and alerts, as well as the new templates for creating blogs and wikis. While mobile, users can take advantage of convenient offline synchronization capabilities.

Easily manage documents and help ensure integrity of content

With enhanced document management capabilities including the option to activate required document checkout before editing, the ability to view revisions to documents and restore to previous versions, and the control to set document- and item-level security, Windows SharePoint Services can help ensure the integrity of documents stored on team sites.

Get users up to speed quickly

User interface improvements in Windows SharePoint Services 3.0 include enhanced views and menus that simplify navigation within and among SharePoint sites. Integration with familiar productivity tools, including programs in the Microsoft Office system, makes it easy for users to get up to speed quickly. For example, users can create workspaces, post and edit documents, and view and update calendars on SharePoint sites, all while working within Microsoft Office system files and programs.

Deploy solutions tailored to your business processes

While standard workspaces in Windows SharePoint Services are easy to implement, organizations seeking a more customized deployment can get started quickly with application templates for addressing specific business processes or sets of tasks.

Build a collaboration environment quickly and easily

Easy to manage and easy to scale, Windows SharePoint Services enables IT departments to deploy a collaborative environment with minimal administrative time and effort, from simple, single-server configurations to more robust enterprise configurations. Because deployment settings can be flexibly changed, less pre-planning time is required and companies can get started even faster.

Reduce the complexity of securing business information

Windows SharePoint Services provides IT with advanced administrative controls for increasing the security of information resources, while decreasing cost and complexity associated with site provisioning, site management, and support. Take advantage of better controls for site life-cycle management, site memberships and permissions, and storage limits.

Provide sophisticated controls for securing company resources

IT departments can now set permissions as deep down as the document or item level, and site managers, teams, and other work groups can initiate self-service collaborative workspaces and tasks within these preset parameters. New features enable IT to set top-down policies for better content recovery and users, groups, and team workspace site administration.

Take file sharing to a new level with robust storage capabilities

Windows SharePoint Services supplies workspaces with document storage and retrieval features, including check-in/check-out functionality, version history, custom metadata, and customizable views. New features in Windows SharePoint Services include enhanced recycle bin functionality for easier recovery of content and improved backup and restoration.

Easily scale your collaboration solution to meet business needs

Quickly and easily manage and configure Windows SharePoint Services using a Web browser or command-line utilities. Manage server farms, servers, and sites using the Microsoft .NET Framework, which enables a variety of custom and third-party administration solution offerings.

Provide a cost-effective foundation for building Web-based applications

Windows SharePoint Services exposes a common framework for document management and collaboration from which flexible and scalable Web applications and Internet sites, specific to the needs of the organization, can be built. Integration with Microsoft Office SharePoint Server 2007 expands these capabilities further to offer enterprise-wide functionality for records management, search, workflows, portals, personalized sites, and more.

Encapsulation is nothing but hiding information also called datahiding.
while abstraction denotes the essential characteristics of an object which differentiates from other kinds of object.

Abstraction is achieved through encapsulation. Abstraction solves the problem in the design side while encapsulations the implementation

Abstraction is virtual class design.

Before actually defining class developer will think about what all properties methods and event will be there in my class.

Whereas encapsulation is data hiding.

At the time of class definitions developer will think about which should display to end user and which should not.

In Short Abstraction is Collection of data and Encapsulation is Exposure (or grouping) of data in appropriate access specifier.

Abstraction means data hiding. That means we use the object without knowing the source code of the class.

Encapsulation is a mechanism by which we design our class such a way that if we change our class in feature we don’t need to change the classes which are depending on our classes.

Abstraction is used for hiding the unwanted information and giving relevant information.

Eg: Three set of customers are going to buy a bike First one wants information about the style. Second one wants about the mileage. Third one wants the cost and brand of the bike. So the salesperson explains about the product which customer needs what. So he hiding some information and giving the relevant information.

Encapsulation is combines one or more information into a component.

Eg: Capsule is mixed with one or more medicine and packed into the tube. so its related and acting in two moducles.

————————————————

Encapsulation and abstraction both solve same problem: Complexity; but in different dimensions.

Abstraction: Hides the implementation details of your methods. Provides a base to variations in the application which can grow over a period of time.

Encapsulation: Hides the private data elements of the class and exposes only the required things to the clients.

Both are powerful; but using abstraction require more skills than encapsulation and bigger applications/products can not survive with out abstraction.

It is wrong to call Encapsulation as only data hiding. Though this definition is usually taught in school but now according to latest OOPs principles its considered incomplete.

According to the book Design Patterns Explained

At conceptual level:

Encapsulation means any type of hiding. It can be either data behavior implementation or derived classes or any other thing.

Abstraction means to generalize or conceptualize: to step back from the more concrete to the more conceptual or abstract.

At implementation level:
Encapsulation is achieved by inheritance aggregation or composition.

Abstraction is represented by using abstract classes to represent a generalized version of set of related classes.

>>> Sorting a Array

class SortArray

{

static void Main(string[] args)

{

string[] names = new string[] { “Rosy”, “Amy”, “Peter”, “Albert” };

Console.WriteLine(“Original Array:”);

foreach (string str in names)

{

Console.WriteLine(str);

}

Console.WriteLine(“Sorted Array:”);

Array.Sort(names);

Array.Reverse(names);

foreach (string str in names)

{

Console.WriteLine(str);

}

}

}

>>> Connection String in Web.config

<add key=”connStr1″ value=”Data Source=192.168.0.196;Initial Catalog=dbname;Persist Security Info=True;User ID=sa;Password=pass@word1″/>

>>> Database.cs class

public class database

{

char DQ = Convert.ToChar(39);

public database()

{

// char DQ = Convert.ToChar(39);

}

public int InsertUpdate(string qry, string connStr)

{

SqlConnection conn = getConnection(connStr);

//  try

//  {

conn.Open();

SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(qry, conn);

int rowsaff = cmd.ExecuteNonQuery();

conn.Close();

return rowsaff;

//  }

//catch (Exception ex)

//{

//    throw new Exception(ex.Message);//”Error in Insert/Update”);

//}

}

public void Alert(string msg)

{

System.Web.HttpContext.Current.Response.Write(“<script>alert(” + DQ + msg + DQ + “)</script>”);

}

public DataSet getDS(string qry, string connStr)

{

DataSet ds = new DataSet();

SqlConnection conn = getConnection(connStr);

try

{

conn.Open();

if (conn.State == ConnectionState.Open)

{

SqlDataAdapter da = new SqlDataAdapter(qry, conn);

da.Fill(ds);

return ds;

}

return ds;

}

catch (Exception ex)

{

throw new Exception(“Error in Getting DataSet” + ex.Message);

}

}

public string getOneField(string qry, string connStr)

{

SqlConnection conn = getConnection(connStr);

SqlCommand cmd = new SqlCommand(qry, conn);

conn.Open();

SqlDataReader dr = cmd.ExecuteReader(CommandBehavior.CloseConnection);

if (dr.HasRows == true)

{

dr.Read();

return Convert.ToString(dr[0]);

}

else

{

return “”;

}

}

//Function to create and return connection based on Connection String

public SqlConnection getConnection(string connStr)

{

SqlConnection conn = new SqlConnection(ConfigurationManager.AppSettings[connStr]);

return conn;

}

1. What is CLR?

Common Language Runtime (CLR) is a run-time environment that manages the execution of .NET code and provides services like memory management, debugging, security, etc. The CLR is also known as Virtual Execution System (VES).

2. What is CLI?

The CLI is a set of specifications for a runtime environment, including a common type system, base class library, and a machine-independent intermediate code known as the Common Intermediate Language (CIL). (Source: Wikipedia.)

3. List the various stages of Page-Load lifecycle.

o Init()

o Load()

o PreRender()

o Unload()

4. Explain Assembly and Manifest.

An assembly is a collection of one or more files and one of them (DLL or EXE) contains a special metadata called Assembly Manifest. The manifest is stored as binary data and contains details like versioning requirements for the assembly, the author, security permissions, and list of files forming the assembly. An assembly is created whenever a DLL is built. The manifest can be viewed programmatically by making use of classes from the System.Reflection namespace. The tool Intermediate Language Disassembler (ILDASM) can be used for this purpose. It can be launched from the command prompt or via Start> Run.

5. What is Shadow Copy?

In order to replace a COM component on a live web server, it was necessary to stop the entire website, copy the new files and then restart the website. This is not feasible for the web servers that need to be always running. .NET components are different. They can be overwritten at any time using a mechanism called Shadow Copy. It prevents the Portable Executable (PE) files like DLLs and EXEs from being locked. Whenever new versions of the PEs are released, they are automatically detected by the CLR and the changed components will be automatically loaded. They will be used to process all new requests not currently executing, while the older version still runs the currently executing requests. By bleeding out the older version, the update is completed.

6. What is DLL Hell?

DLL hell is the problem that occurs when an installation of a newer application might break or hinder other applications as newer DLLs are copied into the system and the older applications do not support or are not compatible with them. .NET overcomes this problem by supporting multiple versions of an assembly at any given time. This is also called side-by-side component versioning.

7. Explain Web Services.

Web services are programmable business logic components that provide access to functionality through the Internet. Standard protocols like HTTP can be used to access them. Web services are based on the Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP), which is an application of XML. Web services are given the .asmx extension.

8. Explain Windows Forms.

Windows Forms is employed for developing Windows GUI applications. It is a class library that gives developers access to Windows Common Controls with rich functionality. It is a common GUI library for all the languages supported by the .NET Framework.

9. What is Postback?

When an action occurs (like button click), the page containing all the controls within the tag performs an HTTP POST, while having itself as the target URL. This is called Postback.

10. Explain the differences between server-side and client-side code?

Server side scripting means that all the script will be executed by the server and interpreted as needed. Client side scripting means that the script will be executed immediately in the browser such as form field validation, clock, email validation, etc. Client side scripting is usually done in VBScript or JavaScript. Since the code is included in the HTML page, anyone can see the code by viewing the page source. It also poses as a possible security hazard for the client computer.

11. Enumerate the types of Directives.

o @ Page directive

o @ Import directive

o @ Implements directive

o @ Register directive

o @ Assembly directive

o @ OutputCache directive

o @ Reference directive

12. What is Code-Behind?

Code-Behind is a concept where the contents of a page are in one file and the server-side code is in another. This allows different people to work on the same page at the same time and also allows either part of the page to be easily redesigned, with no changes required in the other. An Inherits attribute is added to the @ Page directive to specify the location of the Code-Behind file to the ASP.NET page.

13. Describe the difference between inline and code behind.

Inline code is written along side the HTML in a page. There is no separate distinction between design code and logic code. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and referenced by the .aspx page.

14. What is Data Binding?

Data binding is a way used to connect values from a collection of data (e.g. DataSet) to the controls on a web form. The values from the dataset are automatically displayed in the controls without having to write separate code to display them.

15. Describe Paging in ASP.NET.

The DataGrid control in ASP.NET enables easy paging of the data. The AllowPaging property of the DataGrid can be set to True to perform paging. ASP.NET automatically performs paging and provides the hyperlinks to the other pages in different styles, based on the property that has been set for PagerStyle.Mode.

16. Should user input data validation occur server-side or client-side? Why?

All user input data validation should occur on the server and minimally on the client-side, though it is a good way to reduce server load and network traffic because we can ensure that only data of the appropriate type is submitted from the form. It is totally insecure. The user can view the code used for validation and create a workaround for it. Secondly, the URL of the page that handles the data is freely visible in the original form page. This will allow unscrupulous users to send data from their own forms to your application. Client-side validation can sometimes be performed where deemed appropriate and feasible to provide a richer, more responsive experience for the user.

17. What is the difference between Server.Transfer and Response.Redirect?

o Response.Redirect: This tells the browser that the requested page can be found at a new location. The browser then initiates another request to the new page loading its contents in the browser. This results in two requests by the browser.

o Server.Transfer: It transfers execution from the first page to the second page on the server. As far as the browser client is concerned, it made one request and the initial page is the one responding with content. The benefit of this approach is one less round trip to the server from the client browser. Also, any posted form variables and query string parameters are available to the second page as well.

18. What is an interface and what is an abstract class?

In an interface, all methods must be abstract (must not be defined). In an abstract class, some methods can be defined. In an interface, no accessibility modifiers are allowed, whereas it is allowed in abstract classes.

19. Session state vs. View state:

In some cases, using view state is not feasible. The alternative for view state is session state. Session state is employed under the following situations:

o Large amounts of data – View state tends to increase the size of both the HTML page sent to the browser and the size of form posted back. Hence session state is used.

o Secure data – Though the view state data is encoded and may be encrypted, it is better and secure if no sensitive data is sent to the client. Thus, session state is a more secure option.

o Problems in serializing of objects into view state – View state is efficient for a small set of data. Other types like DataSet are slower and can generate a very large view state.

20. Can two different programming languages be mixed in a single ASPX file?

ASP.NET’s built-in parsers are used to remove code from ASPX files and create temporary files. Each parser understands only one language. Therefore mixing of languages in a single ASPX file is not possible.

21. Is it possible to see the code that ASP.NET generates from an ASPX file?

By enabling debugging using a directive in the ASPX file or a statement in Web.config, the generated code can be viewed. The code is stored in a CS or VB file (usually in the \%SystemRoot%\Microsoft.NET\Framework\v1.0.nnnn\Temporary ASP.NET Files).

22. Can a custom .NET data type be used in a Web form?

This can be achieved by placing the DLL containing the custom data type in the application root’s bin directory and ASP.NET will automatically load the DLL when the type is referenced.

23. List the event handlers that can be included in Global.asax?

o Application start and end event handlers

o Session start and end event handlers

o Per-request event handlers

o Non-deterministic event handlers

24. Can the view state be protected from tampering?

This can be achieved by including an @ Page directive with an EnableViewStateMac=”true” attribute in each ASPX file that has to be protected. Another way is to include the statement in the Web.config file.

25. Can the view state be encrypted?

The view state can be encrypted by setting EnableViewStateMac to true and either modifying the element in Machine.config to or by adding the above statement to Web.config.

26. When during the page processing cycle is ViewState available?

The view state is available after the Init() and before the Render() methods are called during Page load.

27. Do Web controls support Cascading Style Sheets?

All Web controls inherit a property named CssClass from the base class System.Web.UI.WebControls.WebControl which can be used to control the properties of the web control.

28. What classes are needed to send e-mail from an ASP.NET application?

The classes MailMessage and SmtpMail have to be used to send email from an ASP.NET application. MailMessage and SmtpMail are classes defined in the .NET Framework Class Library’s System.Web.Mail namespace.

29. Why do some web service classes derive from System.Web.WebServices while others do not?

Those Web Service classes which employ objects like Application, Session, Context, Server, and User have to derive from System.Web.WebServices. If it does not use these objects, it is not necessary to be derived from it.

30. What are VSDISCO files?

VSDISCO files are DISCO files that enable dynamic discovery of Web Services. ASP.NET links the VSDISCO to a HTTP handler that scans the host directory and subdirectories for ASMX and DISCO files and returns a dynamically generated DISCO document. A client who requests a VSDISCO file gets back what appears to be a static DISCO document.

31. How can files be uploaded to Web pages in ASP.NET?

This can be done by using the HtmlInputFile class to declare an instance of an tag. Then, a byte[] can be declared to read in the data from the input file. This can then be sent to the server.

32. How do I create an ASPX page that periodically refreshes itself?

The following META tag can be used as a trigger to automatically refresh the page every n seconds:

33. How do I initialize a TextBox whose TextMode is “password”, with a password?

The TextBox’s Text property cannot be used to assign a value to a password field. Instead, its Value field can be used for that purpose.

ID=”Password” RunAt=”server” />

34. Why does the control’s PostedFile property always show null when using HtmlInputFile control to upload files to a Web server?

This occurs when an enctype=”multipart/form-data” attribute is missing in the
tag.

35. How can the focus be set to a specific control when a Web form loads?

This can be achieved by using client-side script:

document.forms[0].TextBox1.focus ()

The above code will set the focus to a TextBox named TextBox1 when the page loads.

36. How does System.Web.UI.Page’s IsPostBack property work?

IsPostBack checks to see whether the HTTP request is accompanied by postback data containing a __VIEWSTATE or __EVENTTARGET parameter. If there are none, then it is not a postback.

37. What is WSDL?

WSDL is an XML format for describing network services as a set of endpoints operating on messages containing either document-oriented or procedure-oriented information. The operations and messages are described abstractly, and then bound to a concrete network protocol and message format to define an endpoint. Related concrete endpoints are combined into abstract endpoints (services). (Source: www.w3.org)

38. What is UDDI?

UDDI stands for Universal Description, Discovery, and Integration. It is like an “Yellow Pages” for Web Services. It is maintained by Microsoft, IBM, and Ariba, and is designed to provide detailed information regarding registered Web Services for all vendors. The UDDI can be queried for specific Web Services.

39. Is it possible to generate the source code for an ASP.NET Web service from a WSDL?

The Wsdl.exe tool (.NET Framework SDK) can be used to generate source code for an ASP.NET web service with its WSDL link.

Example: wsdl /server http://api.google.com/GoogleSearch.wsdl.

40. Why do uploads fail while using an ASP.NET file upload control to upload large files?

ASP.NET limits the size of file uploads for security purposes. The default size is 4 MB. This can be changed by modifying the maxRequestLength attribute of Machine.config’s element.

41. Describe the difference between inline and code behind.

Inline code is written along side the HTML in a page. Code-behind is code written in a separate file and referenced by the .aspx page.

51. Describe the role of inetinfo.exe, aspnet_isapi.dll andaspnet_wp.exe in the page loading process.

inetinfo.exe is theMicrosoft IIS server running, handling ASP.NET requests among other things.When an ASP.NET request is received (usually a file with .aspx extension), the ISAPI filter aspnet_isapi.dll takes care of it by passing the request tothe actual worker process aspnet_wp.exe.

52. Can you explain the difference between an ADO.NET Dataset and an ADO Recordset?

Valid answers are:

* A DataSet can represent an entire relational database in memory, complete with tables, relations, and views.
* A DataSet is designed to work without any continuing connection to the original data source.
* Data in a DataSet is bulk-loaded, rather than being loaded on demand.
* There’s no concept of cursor types in a DataSet.
* DataSets have no current record pointer You can use For Each loops to move through the data.
* You can store many edits in a DataSet, and write them to the original data source in a single operation.
* Though the DataSet is universal, other objects in ADO.NET come in different versions for different data sources.

53. What’s a bubbled event?

When you have a complex control, like DataGrid, writing an event processing routine for each object (cell, button, row, etc.) is quite tedious. The controls can bubble up their eventhandlers, allowing the main DataGrid event handler to take care of its constituents.

54. What data types do the RangeValidator control support?

Integer, String, and Date.

55. Explain what a diffgram is, and a good use for one?

The DiffGram is one of the two XML formats that you can use to render DataSet object contents to XML. A good use is reading database data to an XML file to be sent to a Web Service.

56. What is the transport protocol you use to call a Web service?

SOAP (Simple Object Access Protocol) is the preferred protocol.

57. What is ViewState?

ViewState allows the state of objects (serializable) to be stored in a hidden field on the page. ViewState is transported to the client and back to the server, and is not stored on the server or any other external source. ViewState is used the retain the state of server-side objects between postabacks.

58. What does the “EnableViewState” property do? Why would I want it on or off?

It allows the page to save the users input on a form across postbacks. It saves the server-side values for a given control into ViewState, which is stored as a hidden value on the page before sending the page to the clients browser. When the page is posted back to the server the server control is recreated with the state stored in viewstate.

59. What are the different types of Session state management options available with ASP.NET?

ASP.NET provides In-Process and Out-of-Process state management. In-Process stores the session in memory on the web server. This requires the a “sticky-server” (or no load-balancing) so that the user is always reconnected to the same web server. Out-of-Process Session state management stores data in an external data source. The external data source may be either a SQL Server or a State Server service. Out-of-Process state management requires that all objects stored in session are serializable.

60. Differences Between XML and HTML?

Anyone with a fundamental grasp of XML should be able describe some of the main differences outlined in the table below
XML

HTML

User definable tags

Defined set of tags designed for web display

Content driven

Format driven

End tags required for well formed documents

End tags not required

Quotes required around attributes values

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61. Give a few examples of types of applications that can benefit from using XML.

There are literally thousands of applications that can benefit from XML technologies. The point of this question is not to have the candidate rattle off a laundry list of projects that they have worked on, but, rather, to allow the candidate to explain the rationale for choosing XML by citing a few real world examples. For instance, one appropriate answer is that XML allows content management systems to store documents independently of their format, which thereby reduces data redundancy. Another answer relates to B2B exchanges or supply chain management systems. In these instances, XML provides a mechanism for multiple companies to exchange data according to an agreed upon set of rules. A third common response involves wireless applications that require WML to render data on hand held devices.

62. What is DOM and how does it relate to XML?

The Document Object Model (DOM) is an interface specification maintained by the W3C DOM Workgroup that defines an application independent mechanism to access, parse, or update XML data. In simple terms it is a hierarchical model that allows developers to manipulate XML documents easily Any developer that has worked extensively with XML should be able to discuss the concept and use of DOM objects freely. Additionally, it is not unreasonable to expect advanced candidates to thoroughly understand its internal workings and be able to explain how DOM differs from an event-based interface like SAX.

63. What is SOAP and how does it relate to XML?

The Simple Object Access Protocol (SOAP) uses XML to define a protocol for the exchange of information in distributed computing environments. SOAP consists of three components: an envelope, a set of encoding rules, and a convention for representing remote procedure calls. Unless experience with SOAP is a direct requirement for the open position, knowing the specifics of the protocol, or how it can be used in conjunction with HTTP, is not as important as identifying it as a natural application of XML.

64. Can you walk us through the steps necessary to parse XML documents?

Superficially, this is a fairly basic question. However, the point is not to determine whether candidates understand the concept of a parser but rather have them walk through the process of parsing XML documents step-by-step. Determining whether a non-validating or validating parser is needed, choosing the appropriate parser, and handling errors are all important aspects to this process that should be included in the candidate’s response.

65. What are possible implementations of distributed applications in .NET?

.NET Remoting and ASP.NET Web Services. If we talk about the Framework Class Library, noteworthy classes are in System.Runtime.Remoting and System.Web.Services.

66. What are the consideration in deciding to use .NET Remoting or ASP.NET Web Services?

Remoting is a more efficient communication exchange when you can control both ends of the application involved in the communication process. Web Services provide an open-protocol-based exchange of informaion. Web Services are best when you need to communicate with an external organization or another (non-.NET) technology.

67. What’s a proxy of the server object in .NET Remoting?

It’s a fake copy of the server object that resides on the client side and behaves as if it was the server. It handles the communication between real server object and the client object. This process is also known as marshaling.

68. What are remotable objects in .NET Remoting?

Remotable objects are the objects that can be marshaled across the application domains. You can marshal by value, where a deep copy of the object is created and then passed to the receiver. You can also marshal by reference, where just a reference to an existing object is passed.

69. What are channels in .NET Remoting?

Channels represent the objects that transfer the other serialized objects from one application domain to another and from one computer to another, as well as one process to another on the same box. A channel must exist before an object can be transferred.

70. What security measures exist for .NET Remoting in System.Runtime.Remoting?

None. Security should be taken care of at the application level. Cryptography and other security techniques can be applied at application or server level.

71. What is a formatter?

A formatter is an object that is responsible for encoding and serializing data into messages on one end, and deserializing and decoding messages into data on the other end.

72. Choosing between HTTP and TCP for protocols and Binary and SOAP for formatters, what are the trade-offs?

Binary over TCP is the most effiecient, SOAP over HTTP is the most interoperable.

73. What’s SingleCall activation mode used for?

If the server object is instantiated for responding to just one single request, the request should be made in SingleCall mode.

74. What’s Singleton activation mode?

A single object is instantiated regardless of the number of clients accessing it. Lifetime of this object is determined by lifetime lease.

75. How do you define the lease of the object?

By implementing ILease interface when writing the class code.

76. Can you configure a .NET Remoting object via XML file?

Yes, via machine.config and application level .config file (or web.config in ASP.NET). Application-level XML settings take precedence over machine.config.

77. How can you automatically generate interface for the remotable object in .NET with Microsoft tools?

Use the Soapsuds tool.
Asp.NET 2.0 Job Interview Questions

1. What are the new Data Controls in Asp.net 2.0?

Data access in ASP.NET 2.0 can be accomplished completely declaratively (no code) using the new data-bound and data source controls. There are new data source controls to represent different data backends such as SQL database, business objects, and XML, and there are new data-bound controls for rendering common UI for data, such as gridview, detailsview, and formview.

2. What are the new Navigation Controls in Asp.net 2.0?

The navigation controls provide common UI for navigating between pages in your site, such as treeview, menu, and sitemappath. These controls use the site navigation service in ASP.NET 2.0 to retrieve the custom structure you have defined for your site.

3. What are the new Login Controlsin Asp.net 2.0?

The new login controls provide the building blocks to add authentication and authorization-based UI to your site, such as login forms, create user forms, password retrieval, and custom UI for logged in users or roles. These controls use the built-in membership and role services in ASP.NET 2.0 to interact with the user and role information defined for your site.

4. What are the new Web Part Controls in Asp.net 2.0 ?

Web parts are an exciting new family of controls that enable you to add rich, personalized content and layout to your site, as well as the ability to edit that content and layout directly from your application pages. These controls rely on the personalization services in ASP.NET 2.0 to provide a unique experience for each user in your application.

5. What are Master Pages?

This feature provides the ability to define common structure and interface elements for your site, such as a page header, footer, or navigation bar, in a common location called a “master page”, to be shared by many pages in your site. In one simple place you can control the look, feel, and much of functionality for an entire Web site. This improves the maintainability of your site and avoids unnecessary duplication of code for shared site structure or behavior.

6. What are Themes and Skins in 2.0, explain usgae scenario?

The themes and skins features in ASP.NET 2.0 allow for easy customization of your site’s look-and-feel. You can define style information in a common location called a “theme”, and apply that style information globally to pages or controls in your site. Like Master Pages, this improves the maintainability of your site and avoid unnecessary duplication of code for shared styles.

7. What is a profile object, why is it used?

Using the new personalization services in ASP.NET 2.0 you can easily create customized experiences within Web applications. The Profile object enables developers to easily build strongly-typed, sticky data stores for user accounts and build highly customized, relationship based experiences. At the same time, a developer can leverage Web Parts and the personalization service to enable Web site visitors to completely control the layout and behavior of the site, with the knowledge that the site is completely customized for them. Personalizaton scenarios are now easier to build than ever before and require significantly less code and effort to implement.

8. What is Configuration API?

ASP.NET 2.0 contains new configuration management APIs, enabling users to programmatically build programs or scripts that create, read, and update Web.config and machine.config configuration files.

9. What is MMC Admin Tool?

ASP.NET 2.0 provides a new comprehensive admin tool that plugs into the existing IIS Administration MMC, enabling an administrator to graphically read or change common settings within our XML configuration files.

10. Explain the use of Pre-compilation Tool?

ASP.NET 2.0 delivers a new application deployment utility that enables both developers and administrators to precompile a dynamic ASP.NET application prior to deployment. This precompilation automatically identifies any compilation issues anywhere within the site, as well as enables ASP.NET applications to be deployed without any source being stored on the server (one can optionally remove the content of .aspx files as part of the compile phase), further protecting your intellectual property.

11. How is application management and maintenance improved in Asp.net 2.0?

ASP.NET 2.0 also provides new health-monitoring support to enable administrators to be automatically notified when an application on a server starts to experience problems. New tracing features will enable administrators to capture run-time and request data from a production server to better diagnose issues. ASP.NET 2.0 is delivering features that will enable developers and administrators to simplify the day-to-day management and maintenance of their Web applications.

12. What are Provider-driven Application Services? explain in detail?

ASP.NET 2.0 now includes built-in support for membership (user name/password credential storage) and role management services out of the box. The new personalization service enables quick storage/retrieval of user settings and preferences, facilitating rich customization with minimal code. The new site navigation system enables developers to quickly build link structures consistently across a site. As all of these services are provider-driven, they can be easily swapped out and replaced with your own custom implementation. With this extensibility option, you have complete control over the data store and schema that drives these rich application services.

13. Explain Server Control Extensibility with reference to Asp.net 2.0 ?

ASP.NET 2.0 includes improved support for control extensibility, such as more base classes that encapsulate common behaviors, improved designer support, more APIs for interacting with client-side script, metadata-driven support for new features like themes and accessibility verification, better state management, and more.

14. What are the Data Source Controls?

Data access in ASP.NET 2.0 is now performed declaratively using data source controls on a page. In this model, support for new data backend storage providers can be easily added by implementing custom data source controls. Additionally, the SqlDataSource control that ships in the box has built-in support for any ADO.NET managed provider that implements the new provider factory model in ADO.NET.

15. What are Compilation Build Providers?

Dynamic compilation in ASP.NET 2.0 is now handled by extensible compilation build providers, which associate a particular file extension with a handler that knows how to compile that extension dynamically at runtime. For example, .resx files can be dynamically compiled to resources, .wsdl files to web service proxies, and .xsd files to typed DataSet objects. In addition to the built-in support, it is easy to add support for additional extensions by implementing a custom build provider and registering it in Web.config.

16. What is Expression Builders, why would you use it?

ASP.NET 2.0 introduces a declarative new syntax for referencing code to substitute values into the page, called Expression Builders. ASP.NET 2.0 includes expression builders for referencing string resources for localization, connection strings, application settings, and profile values. You can also write your own expression builders to create your own custom syntax to substitute values in a page rendering.

17. Is ASP.NET 64-Bit enabled? how?

ASP.NET 2.0 is now 64-bit enabled, meaning it can take advantage of the full memory address space of new 64-bit processors and servers. Developers can simply copy existing 32-bit ASP.NET applications onto a 64-bit ASP.NET 2.0 server and have them automatically be JIT compiled and executed as native 64-bit applications (no source code changes or manual re-compile are required).

18. Explain how Caching in Asp.net 2.0 is different from Caching in Asp.net 1.1?

ASP.NET 2.0 also now includes automatic database server cache invalidation. This powerful and easy-to-use feature allows developers to aggressively output cache database-driven page and partial page content within a site and have ASP.NET automatically invalidate these cache entries and refresh the content whenever the back-end database changes. Developers can now safely cache time-critical content for long periods without worrying about serving visitors stale data.

What is the difference between Postback and Ispostback Property?

Answer: PostBack: Postback is the event which sends the form data to the server. The server processes the data & sends it

back to the browser. The page goes through its full life cycle & is rendered on the browser. It can be triggered by using the server controls.And the IsPostBack property of the page object may be used to check whether the page request is a postback or not. IsPostBack property is of the type Boolean.

Difference between Active Exe and Dll ?

Answer:

1. EXE can run independaly ,while dll can not.

2. An exe can contain manu dll, dll are supprting files

containing all information.

EXE is ae executable file, while Dll is not. Dll cannot be used independantly.

The Dll is a reusable component which can be referred by a EXE.

what is DLL Hell and how it is solved in .NET?

This is a problem everybody faced in asp application which uses dll created in vb6. Dll process still be in memory even after the objest is destroyed exclusively causing the program to restart.

.NET has a functionality call garbage collection which wakes up every interval of time and clears the objects not been used from the application .

What?s a bubbled event?

when the child control events are handeled by parent control it is called as event bubbling.for ex. when a control in the datagrid is clicked it is handeled by the dtagrid event and not by the control itself which fired it so that time it is called as event ubbling.

How many languages .NET is supporting now? – When .NET was introduced it came with several languages. VB.NET, C#, COBOL and Perl, etc. The site DotNetLanguages.Net says 44 languages are supported.

How is .NET able to support multiple languages? – a language should comply with the Common Language Runtime standard to become a .NET language. In .NET, code is compiled to Microsoft Intermediate Language (MSIL for short). This is called as Managed Code. This Managed code is run in .NET environment. So after compilation to this IL the language is not a barrier. A code can call or use a function written in another language.

How ASP .NET different from ASP? – Scripting is separated from the HTML, Code is compiled as a DLL, these DLLs can be executed on the server.

Resource Files: How to use the resource files, how to know which language to use?

What is smart navigation? - The cursor position is maintained when the page gets refreshed due to the server side validation and the page gets refreshed.

What is view state? – The web is stateless. But in ASP.NET, the state of a page is maintained in the in the page itself automatically. How? The values are encrypted and saved in hidden controls. this is done automatically by the ASP.NET. This can be switched off / on for a single control

How do you validate the controls in an ASP .NET page? – Using special validation controls that are meant for this. We have Range Validator, Email Validator.

Can the validation be done in the server side? Or this can be done only in the Client side? – Client side is done by default. Server side validation is also possible. We can switch off the client side and server side can be done.

How to manage pagination in a page? – Using pagination option in DataGrid control. We have to set the number of records for a page, then it takes care of pagination by itself.

What is ADO .NET and what is difference between ADO and ADO.NET? – ADO.NET is stateless mechanism. I can treat the ADO.Net as a separate in-memory database where in I can use relationships between the tables and select insert and updates to the database. I can update the actual database as a batch.